Exploring Gender Fluidity: Indigeneity en el Caribe y Latinoamerica
Exploring Gender Fluidity: Indigeneity en el Caribe y Latinoamerica
In the heart of the Caribbean and Latin America, beyond the reach of Western constructs, lies a rich tapestry of indigenous cultures where gender fluidity is not just accepted but revered. These communities, with their deep-rooted traditions and spiritual practices, showcase a profound understanding of gender that transcends binary norms. The sovereignty and total liberation of these indigenous peoples hinge on their visibility and the preservation of their unique languages, cultures, and lifestyles. As we explore the vibrant and diverse expressions of gender within these societies, we challenge the Western world's perception of gender and highlight the thriving alternative systems where trans and gender-expansive individuals are celebrated. Join us on this journey to normalize and honor the indigenous legacies that embrace and uplift all gender identities. The people and faiths listed are not grouped in any particular order. They are grouped purposefully for legibility purposes.
Group #1
Quimbanda (Afro-Brazilian Religion 🇧🇷) - In Afro-Brazilian religious traditions like Quimbanda, there is often a recognition of gender fluidity and non-binary identities within spiritual roles. Practitioners may embody both masculine and feminine aspects in their religious practices.
Taíno (Caribbean 🇨🇺🇵🇷🇩🇴🇯🇲) - The Taíno people, indigenous to the Caribbean (including Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and other islands), had a concept of gender fluidity before European colonization. Although much of the traditional knowledge has been lost, there are historical accounts of Taíno societies recognizing and respecting gender diversity.
Two-Spirit People (North America🇺🇸 and Mexico 🇲🇽) - Although not specifically Latin American, many indigenous cultures in North America, including some communities in Mexico, recognize Two-Spirit individuals. The term "Two-Spirit" is used by some Indigenous North American cultures to describe a person who embodies both masculine and feminine qualities.
Travestis (Brazil 🇧🇷and Argentina 🇦🇷) - In Brazil and Argentina, "travestis" is a term used for people who were assigned male at birth but live and identify as women or feminine. Travestis often challenge traditional gender norms and roles within their cultures.
Hijras (Guyana 🇬🇾and Trinidad 🇹🇹) - The Hijra community, while primarily known in South Asia, has a presence in parts of the Caribbean, particularly in Guyana and Trinidad, where South Asian communities have settled. Hijras are recognized as a third gender and have unique cultural roles and practices.
Group #2
Berdache (Native American Tribes 🇺🇸) - Similar to the Two-Spirit identity, the term "Berdache" was historically used by European colonizers to describe Native American individuals who did not fit into traditional gender binaries. Many indigenous communities in Central and South America also have traditions of gender diversity that predate colonial influence.
Güegüence (Nicaragua 🇳🇮) - In Nicaraguan folklore, the character of El Güegüense is a trickster who often defies gender norms. While not a direct parallel to the Muxe, this character represents a cultural tradition of challenging gender binaries.
Zapotecs of Juchitán (Mexico 🇲🇽) - Besides the well-known Muxe community, the Zapotec culture in Juchitán, Oaxaca, embraces gender diversity more broadly. The community has a long history of acceptance of people who do not conform to traditional gender roles.
Warao (Venezuela 🇻🇪) - The Warao people of the Orinoco Delta in Venezuela have a tradition of recognizing individuals known as "tida wena," who are considered to embody both male and female spirits and often take on special spiritual and cultural roles within the community.
Guna (Panama 🇵🇦) - Among the Guna people of Panama, individuals known as "omeggid" are recognized as embodying both male and female characteristics. They often hold respected roles within their society and are seen as bridge-builders between genders.
Group #3
Mapuche (Chile 🇨🇱and Argentina 🇦🇷) - The Mapuche people in Chile and Argentina have a tradition of recognizing "machi," who are often shamans or healers and can be of any gender. Some machi are known to embody gender fluidity, performing roles and rituals that integrate both masculine and feminine elements.
Káwehs (Guatemala 🇬🇹) - In Guatemala, some indigenous communities, like the K’iche’ Maya, recognize gender-diverse individuals who are known as "káwehs." These individuals often take on important spiritual roles and are integrated into the social fabric of their communities.
Pintados (Colombia 🇨🇴) - Among the indigenous peoples of Colombia, such as the Wayuu, some traditions recognize gender variance. The Pintados are individuals who defy conventional gender roles and may adopt a mix of masculine and feminine attributes.
Yurí and Carijona (Amazon Region 🇧🇷🇨🇴) - Indigenous groups in the Amazon region, including the Yurí and Carijona, have cultural practices and beliefs that acknowledge and respect gender diversity. These communities often see gender-fluid individuals as having special spiritual significance.
Garifuna (Central America 🇭🇳🇧🇿🇬🇹🇳🇮) - The Garifuna people, who live along the Caribbean coast of Central America (Honduras, Belize, Guatemala, and Nicaragua), have cultural practices that include acceptance of gender diversity. Although not as formally recognized as in some other indigenous cultures, there is a level of acceptance and integration of LGBTQ+ individuals within their communities.
Group #4
Tseltal and Tzotzil (Chiapas, Mexico 🇲🇽) - Among the Tseltal and Tzotzil Maya in Chiapas, Mexico, there are individuals known as "binigulaza" who live outside the traditional gender roles. These individuals are often respected and have specific roles within their communities.
Quechua (Peru 🇵🇪and Bolivia 🇧🇴) - The Quechua people of the Andes have a complex understanding of gender and sexuality that includes a recognition of individuals who embody both masculine and feminine traits. Such individuals often play important roles in rituals and community life.
Kayapo (Brazil 🇧🇷) - The Kayapo people of the Amazon rainforest have traditions that include the acceptance of gender-variant individuals. These individuals often participate in spiritual and ceremonial roles that are crucial to the community.
Shipibo-Konibo (Peru 🇵🇪) - The Shipibo-Konibo people of the Peruvian Amazon have practices that recognize and honor individuals who do not conform to traditional gender roles. These individuals often serve as healers and spiritual leaders within their communities.
Asháninka (Peru 🇵🇪and Brazil 🇧🇷) - The Asháninka people, living in the Amazon rainforest of Peru and Brazil, have cultural practices that recognize and respect gender diversity. Gender-variant individuals may hold significant spiritual and social roles within their communities.
Group #5
Bororo (Brazil 🇧🇷) - The Bororo people of central Brazil have cultural practices that include acceptance and respect for gender-variant individuals. These individuals often take on roles that are vital to the spiritual and social well-being of the community.
Cocama (Peru 🇵🇪) - The Cocama people of the Peruvian Amazon have traditions that recognize the presence of gender-diverse individuals. These individuals are often integrated into community life and hold important cultural roles.
Lenca (Honduras 🇭🇳and El Salvador 🇸🇻) - Among the Lenca people of Honduras and El Salvador, there is a recognition of individuals who do not fit into traditional gender categories. These individuals are respected for their unique contributions to the community.
Kichwa (Ecuador 🇪🇨) - The Kichwa people of the Ecuadorian Amazon have cultural practices that include the recognition and acceptance of gender-diverse individuals. These individuals often play significant roles in the spiritual and social life of the community.
Wounaan (Colombia and Panama 🇨🇴 and Panama 🇵🇦) - The Wounaan people of Colombia and Panama have a tradition of accepting gender diversity within their communities. Gender-variant individuals often serve as mediators and spiritual leaders.
Conclusion: Embracing the Wisdom of Indigenous Gender Fluidity
As we reach the end of our journey through the vibrant landscapes of the Caribbean and Latin America, it's clear that indigenous cultures have long championed the beauty of gender fluidity. These communities, from the Taíno of the Caribbean to the Zapotecs of Mexico, are not just relics of the past but thriving, dynamic societies that embody resilience, wisdom, and unparalleled interconnectedness with Mother Earth. Their acceptance and celebration of gender diversity are beacons of light in a world often clouded by rigid norms.
By embracing these traditions, we tap into a profound source of inspiration and strength. The indigenous peoples we’ve explored are the epitome of trendsetters—visionaries who understand that true harmony comes from recognizing and valuing every individual's unique identity. Their spiritual practices and cultural norms show us that a world where everyone can express their true selves is not just possible but essential for our collective well-being.
Now, more than ever, it is time to honor and amplify these voices. Let’s make transness and indigeneity not just accepted but celebrated and emulated. Dive deeper into the rich tapestry of indigenous lifestyles, learn from their wisdom, and advocate for their rights and recognition. Join the movement to normalize and uplift gender-expansive identities, and together, let’s create a world where every person can live authentically and proudly. Explore, engage, and be part of the change—because the future is fluid, and it starts with us.
“Trans* people are not Human.” ~Reina
Researched and Authored by CÁMO (aka LA REINA TAÍNA)
Published by Reina (2024), www.lareinataina.com
REINA’s/CÁMO’s life motto: “to re-imagine and challenge the ‘self’ via art.”
P.S. If you or a loved one needs help/support/guidance, please visit my website’s emergency hotline page at www.lareinataina.com/sos.
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Trans* Mental Health Resources
The Trevor Project: Provides crisis intervention and suicide prevention services to LGBTQ+ youth. thetrevorproject.org
Trans Lifeline: Peer support and crisis hotline run by and for trans people. translifeline.org
National Center for Transgender Equality: Advocacy organization promoting transgender equality. transequality.org
GLSEN: Works to ensure safe and affirming schools for LGBTQ+ students. glsen.org
Human Rights Campaign: Advocacy and support for LGBTQ+ rights. hrc.org
Transgender Law Center: Legal advocacy organization for transgender rights. transgenderlawcenter.org
It Gets Better Project: Support and storytelling for LGBTQ+ youth. itgetsbetter.org
GSA Network: Connects LGBTQ+ youth through GSA clubs in schools. gsanetwork.org
PFLAG: Support for LGBTQ+ people, their families, and allies. pflag.org
Additionally, visit my SOS resource page at www.lareinataina.com/sos for more support!
Credible LGBTQ+ Sources
To counter misinformation and promote understanding, it is essential to rely on credible sources. Here are some trusted websites, organizations, activists, thought leaders, and influential books:
Websites and Organizations
GLAAD: Works to accelerate LGBTQ+ acceptance and create meaningful change. glaad.org
The Trevor Project: Provides crisis intervention and suicide prevention services to LGBTQ+ youth. thetrevorproject.org
Human Rights Campaign (HRC): Advocates for LGBTQ+ equality and provides resources on various issues. hrc.org
National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE): Focuses on changing policies and society to increase understanding and acceptance of transgender people. transequality.org
Lambda Legal: Fights for the civil rights of LGBTQ+ people and those with HIV through impact litigation, education, and public policy work. lambdalegal.org
Current Activists and Thought Leaders
Angelica Ross: Advocate for transgender rights and inclusion. Instagram: @angelicaross
Laverne Cox: Actress and advocate for transgender rights. Instagram: @lavernecox
Indya Moore: Actor and advocate for transgender and non-binary rights. Instagram: @indyamoore
Jeffrey Marsh: Non-binary author and advocate. Instagram: @thejeffreymarsh
Dominic Rainsford (Lolhidominic): Advocate for LGBTQ+ rights and mental health. Instagram: @lolhidominic
Top 5 Most Influential LGBTQ+ Books
"Gender Outlaw: On Men, Women, and the Rest of Us" by Kate Bornstein
"The Gay Revolution: The Story of the Struggle" by Lillian Faderman
"Stone Butch Blues" by Leslie Feinberg
"Redefining Realness: My Path to Womanhood, Identity, Love & So Much More" by Janet Mock
"Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches" by Audre Lorde
Instagram Handles
Angelica Ross: @angelicaross
Laverne Cox: @lavernecox
Indya Moore: @indyamoore
Jeffrey Marsh: @thejeffreymarsh
Dominic Rainsford (Lolhidominic):@lolhidominic
References
Asháninka (Peru 🇵🇪 and Brazil 🇧🇷):
Varese, Stefano. "Salt of the Mountain: Campa Ashaninka History and Resistance in the Peruvian Jungle." University of Oklahoma Press, 2002.
Berdache (Native American Tribes 🇺🇸):
Williams, Walter L. "The Spirit and the Flesh: Sexual Diversity in American Indian Culture." Beacon Press, 1992.
Jacobs, Sue-Ellen, Wesley Thomas, and Sabine Lang. "Two-Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality." University of Illinois Press, 1997.
Bororo (Brazil 🇧🇷):
Crocker, William H., and Jean G. Crocker. "The Canela (Eastern Timbira), I: An Ethnographic Introduction." Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.
Cocama (Peru 🇵🇪):
Greene, Shane. "Customizing Indigeneity: Paths to a Visionary Politics in Peru." Stanford University Press, 2009.
Garifuna (Central America 🇭🇳🇧🇿🇬🇹🇳🇮):
González, Nancie L. "Sojourners of the Caribbean: Ethnogenesis and Ethnohistory of the Garifuna." University of Illinois Press, 1988.
Kerns, Virginia. "Women and the Ancestors: Black Carib Kinship and Ritual." University of Illinois Press, 1997.
Guna (Panama 🇵🇦):
Howe, James. "Chiefs, Scribes, and Ethnographers: Kuna Culture from Inside and Out." University of Texas Press, 2009.
Salvador, Mari Lyn. "Art and Politics in a Hot Climate: Kuna Culture from Inside and Out." Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997.
Güegüence (Nicaragua 🇳🇮):
Stansifer, Charles L. "El Güegüence: The Study of an Indigenous Comedy." University of Oklahoma Press, 1967.
Lipsett-Rivera, Sonya. "Gender and the Negotiation of Daily Life in Mexico, 1750-1856." University of Nebraska Press, 2012.
Hijras (Guyana 🇬🇾 and Trinidad 🇹🇹):
Reddy, Gayatri. "With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India." University of Chicago Press, 2005.
Erevelles, Nirmala, and Andrea Minear. "Unspeakable Offenses: Untangling Race and Disability in Discourses of Intersectionality." Journal of Literary & Cultural Disability Studies, vol. 4, no. 2, 2010, pp. 127-145.
Káwehs (Guatemala 🇬🇹):
Nelson, Diane M. "A Finger in the Wound: Body Politics in Quincentennial Guatemala." University of California Press, 1999.
Kayapo (Brazil 🇧🇷):
Turner, Terence S. "The Fire of the Jaguar." University of Chicago Press, 1995.
Verswijver, Gustaaf. "Kaiapó: Out of the Forest." Royal Museum for Central Africa, 1992.
Kichwa (Ecuador 🇪🇨):
Whitten, Norman E., and Dorothea S. Whitten. "From Myth to Creation: Art from Amazonian
Uzendoski, Michael. "The Napo Runa of Amazonian Ecuador." University of Illinois Press, 2005.
Lenca (Honduras 🇭🇳 and El Salvador 🇸🇻):.
Chapman, Anne M. "Mastering Multiple Literacies: The Development of Multiliteracies among Spanish-Speaking Children." Theory into Practice, vol. 39, no. 4, 2000, pp. 219-227.
Fought, John G. "Chorti (Mayan) Texts." University of Pennsylvania Press, 197
Mapuche (Chile 🇨🇱 and Argentina 🇦🇷):
Bacigalupo, Ana Mariella. "Shamans of the Foye Tree: Gender, Power, and Healing among Chilean Mapuche." University of Texas Press, 2007.
Foerster, Rolf. "Machis y shamanes: tradiciones de hechicería en un pueblo Mapuche." Editorial Universitaria, 1993.
Pintados (Colombia 🇨🇴):
Taussig, Michael. "Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing." University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Quechua (Peru 🇵🇪 and Bolivia 🇧🇴):
Allen, Catherine J. "The Hold Life Has: Coca and Cultural Identity in an Andean Community." Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002.
Silverblatt, Irene. "Moon, Sun, and Witches: Gender Ideologies and Class in Inca and Colonial Peru." Princeton University Press, 1987.
Quimbanda (Afro-Brazilian Religion 🇧🇷):
"Quimbanda." Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimbanda. Accessed 26 May 2024.
"Quimbanda Religion." Learn Religions, www.learnreligions.com/quimbanda-religion-4766641. Accessed 26 May 2024.
"Musical Participation, Spiritual Evolution, and the Quimbanda Revival." Oxford Academic, academic.oup.com/book/11115/chapter/159547986. Accessed 26 May 2024.
Shipibo-Konibo (Peru 🇵🇪):
Colpron, Anath Ariel de Vidas. "Shipibo-Konibo: Living Traditions of the Peruvian Amazon." Cultural Survival Quarterly, 2004.
Gebhart-Sayer, Angelika. "The Geometric Designs of the Shipibo-Conibo in Ritual Context." Journal of Latin American Lore, vol. 10, no. 2, 1984, pp. 143-175.
Taíno (Caribbean 🇨🇺🇵🇷🇩🇴🇯🇲):
Lane, Kris. "Blood and Silver: The History of Piracy in the Caribbean and Central America." University of California Press, 1999.
García Arévalo, Manuel A. "Taínos: arte y sociedad: Antes del 1492." Centro Cultural Eduardo León Jimenes, 2005.
Travestis (Brazil 🇧🇷 and Argentina 🇦🇷):
Kulick, Don. "Travesti: Sex, Gender, and Culture among Brazilian Transgendered Prostitutes." University of Chicago Press, 1998.
Facchini, Regina. "Sissy Boy, Transvestite, Transformer: The Body and Identity in a Social Movement." International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies, vol. 7, no. 2-3, 2002, pp. 189-201.
Tseltal and Tzotzil (Chiapas, Mexico 🇲🇽):
Pitarch, Pedro. "The Jaguar and the Priest: An Ethnography of Tzeltal Souls." University of Texas Press, 2010.
Vogt, Evon Z. "Tortillas for the Gods: A Symbolic Analysis of Zinacanteco Rituals." Harvard University Press, 1976.
Two-Spirit People (North America 🇺🇸 and Mexico 🇲🇽):
Roscoe, Will. "Changing Ones: Third and Fourth Genders in Native North America." St. Martin's Press, 1998.
Driskill, Qwo-Li. "Asegi Stories: Cherokee Queer and Two-Spirit Memory." University of Arizona Press, 2016.
Warao (Venezuela 🇻🇪):
Wilbert, Johannes. "The Warao: Social Organization and Religion of the Guiana Indians." Harvard University Press, 1972.
Briggs, Charles L. "The Culture of Fear: An Ethnography of Terror in the Americas." University of California Press, 2004.
Wounaan (Colombia 🇨🇴 and Panama 🇵🇦):
Chapin, Mac. "The Wounaan and Embera of Panama." Cultural Survival Quarterly, 1983.
Kane, Joe. "Savages." Vintage Books, 1995.
Yurí and Carijona (Amazon Region 🇧🇷🇨🇴):
Chagnon, Napoleon A. "Yąnomamö: The Fierce People." Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1968.
Sorensen, Arthur. "Carijona: Culture and Language." University of California Publications in Linguistics, vol. 45, 1973.
Zapotecs of Juchitán (Mexico 🇲🇽):
Stephen, Lynn. "Zapotec Women: Gender, Class, and Ethnicity in Globalized Oaxaca." *Duke University
